Encyclopedias: Encyclopaedia of the Orient: B

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Bab http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bab_0.htm Honorary title used for spiritual leaders in Sufism, for prominent Shaykhs. From word meaning "gate", refers to one who can lead the believers into communication with the other side, the divine spheres. Babism http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?babism.htm Religion that began on May 23, 1844 in Shiraz, Persia. Centered around the Bab, who is considered to be the mirror of God. Includes certain elements in Islam and has redefined them, thereby introducing the teaching that the world was created with 7 attributes: predestination, predetermination, will, volition, permission, doom and revelation. Baghdad http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?baghdad.htm Capital of Iraq with an estimated 5.6 million inhabitants. Describes its economy, peoples, education, culture, city structure, Old Baghdad and history. Baha'i http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?baha'i.htm Religion founded in 19th century, growing out of Babism. Baha'ullah http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?baha'ull.htm Founder of Baha'i, and halfbrother of Subh-i Azal, his later competitor for control of the Babi society. His original name was Mirza Husayn Ali Nuri. (1817-1892). Bahrain http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bahrain.htm Archipelago of 33 islands in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Saudi Arabia. Includes information about its political situation, economy, health and education, religion and its people, and history. Balfour Declaration http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?balfour_d.htm Statement issued by the British government in 1917, initiating the process that led to the establishment of the State of Israel. Banna, Sabri l- http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?abu_nidal.htm Palestinian politician and guerilla leader. Also known as Abu Nidal. Includes biography. (1937-2002). Banu Hillal http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?banuhill.htm Beduins immigrating to Maghreb, mainly Algeria and Tunisia, in the 11th century, coming from Egypt. Baraka http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?baraka.htm In Islam, divine blessing that is normally associated with holy men or women, waliy, either in life or in death. Basra http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?basra.htm City in southern Iraq with an estimated 1.3 million inhabitants. Economy is focused on refining and exporting of oil and chemicals, and agricultural production of wool, grain and dates. Bat Mitzvah http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bar_mitz.htm#bat Ceremony marking the entering of the girl into adult observance of Jewish religious activities. Bedouins http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bedouins.htm Arabs, recognized by their nomadic lifestyles, specific dialects, social structures and culture. Begin, Menachim http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?begin_m.htm Israeli prime minister 1977-1983, leader of the country's struggle for the peace treaty with Egypt which was signed in 1979, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978. Includes biography. (1913-1992). Beirut http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?beirut.htm Capital of Lebanon with an estimated 1.5 million inhabitants. Divided into three regions: east for the Christians, west for Sunnis and south for Shi'is and Palestinians. Ben Ali, Zine el Abidine http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?ben_ali.htm President of Tunisia since 1987. Includes biography and photo. Ben Bella, Ahmed http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?benbella.htm First president of Algeria (1963-65) and a soldier in the French army during World War II, where he was decorated for bravery. One of the nine legendary members of the revolutionary committee that developed into FLN (Front de Libération Nationale). Benghazi http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?benghazi.htm Second largest city in northeastern Libya with an estimated 950,000 inhabitants. Industries include salt processing, oil refining, food processing, cement manufacturing, tanning, brewing, sponge and tuna fishing. Includes brief history. Berber http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?berber.htm Group of languages, from Morocco to Egypt, featuring about 300 local dialects. Berbers http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?berbers.htm People living in North Africa, from Morocco's west coast to the oasis Siwa in Egypt, from Tunisia's north tip to the oases in mid-Sahara. Bible http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bible.htm Collection of religious texts central to Christianity and Judaism. The origin of the word comes from the Greek, "biblia", meaning "books" and refers to the Phoenician city of Byblos, which in the 1st millennium BCE was the main trading port for papyrus. Includes list of books in both Christian and Hebrew Bibles. Bilharziasis http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bilharzi.htm Disease caused by larva of a flatworm that lives inside a freshwater snail, leaves its host and penetrates human skin. Causes severe inflammatory reaction in the walls of the bladder, hemorrhages and often death. Also known as Schistosomiasis. Bismillah http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bismilla.htm Opening phrase of all suras in the Koran, meaning "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate". Bizerte http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?bizerte.htm City in Tunisia with an estimated 100,000 inhabitants, situated north of Tunis. Economy of the area is focused on fishing, fish products, olives, and the production of flour and olive oil. Blida http://i-cias.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct.pl?blida.htm City in Algeria with 180,000 inhabitants, located at the base of the Atlas Mountains. Includes brief history.
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