Encyclopedias: Spartacus Educational: First World War

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Air Artillery http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWairartillery.htm Use of anti-aircraft guns to destroy enemy aircraft. In Britain an Anti-Aircraft Brigade was formed by the Royal Marine Artillery and used a Vickers Naval gun mounted on a Pierce-Arrow 5-ton armored lorry chassis. by 1918, Britain only had 349 anti-aircraft guns and although they occasionally brought down German aircraft they were widely viewed as being inadequate. Airco DH-2 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWairco.htm Single-seat biplane built in 1916. Replaced two-seater bi-plane designed by Geoffrey de Havilland for the Aircraft Manufacturing Company. Helped to establish allied air supremacy over Germany during the Battle of the Somme. Aircraft & Airships in 1914 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWaircraft.htm Features table with list of countries, number of aircraft and airships. Alcohol http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWalcohol.htm Attempts to reduce consumption were made in Germany, Britain, Austria-Hungary, France and Italy during World War I. Public house opening times were reduced, and the British government also increased the level of tax on alcohol. Alfred Nobel http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWnobel.htm Born in Sweden. Produced dynamite in his own factory, where brother was killed in an explosion. Other inventions included ballistite, a form of smokeless power, artificial gutta-percha and a mild steel for armor-plating. At his death left instructions for endowment of annual prizes to be given in areas of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace. (1833-1896) Allied & Neutral Ships Lost http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWshipslost.htm Features table of losses between 1914 and 1918. Amiens http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWamiens.htm Battle line between Mericourt and Hangest. Taken by the British on August 8, 1918 and described as "the black day of the German Army in the history of the war". Includes map. Andrew Bonar Law http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbonar.htm Born in Rexton, New Brunswick, Canada. Was Secretary of State for the Colonies, a member of the War Committee and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1916. Became Prime Minister in 1922. (1858-1923) Anti-Submarine Weapons http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWantisubmarine.htm Depth charges and mines placed at various depths along busy sea-routes by the Allies in 1915. Armies - 1914 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWarmies1914.htm Tables includes countries, standing armies and reserves, and mobilized forces. Armoured Cars http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWarmouredcars.htm First used by the British Army for the policing of distant colonial outposts. Used successfully in Palestine and in Mesopotamia where they were deployed in what had previously been the Cavalry role of outflanking and pursuit. Arthur Henderson http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhenderson.htm Elected as a paid organizer of the Iron Founders Union. Main person responsible for Labour and the Nation, a pamphlet that attempted to clarify the political aims of the Labour Party. MP for Widnes in the House of Commons. Chaired the Geneva Disarmament Conference and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. (1863-1935) Avro 540 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWavro.htm Lightweight, two-seater aircraft designed by Alliot Vernon Roe in 1913. Used in the early stages of the war for light-bombing and reconnaissance missions. Includes table showing performance data and photograph. Battle of Albert http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWalbert.htm Town in the Somme region of the Western Front to which the French 2nd Army retreated in September, 1914. Battle of Gaza http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWgaza.htm Coastal fortress in the Middle East occupied by the Turkish Expeditionary Force. Seized by British troops in March, 1917. Includes map. Bayonet http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbayonet.htm Used as the infantryman's primary close combat weapon in trench warfare. Most were standard knife variety, but the French preferred a needle bayonet and some German soldiers favored a saw-bladed version. BE-2 Biplane http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbe2.htm Developed by Geoffrey De Havilland in 1912 and by August 1914 was the standard military aircraft employed by the Royal Flying Corps. Used as a defense against Zeppelin raids or on anti-submarine duties for the Royal Navy. It was also widely used to train pilots. Benjamin Hotchkiss http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWhotchkiss.htm Invented an improved type of cannon shell, a revolving-barrel machine gun in 1872 and a bolt-action magazine rifle in 1875. (1826-1885) Bertrand Russell http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUrussell.htm Member of the Fabian Society and founding member of the Union of Democratic Control (UDC), the most important of the anti-war organizations during the First World War. Wrote Political Ideals: Roads to Freedom. (1872-1970) Big Bertha http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbertha.htm Mobile howitzer designed by the Germans in 1914. It was named for Gustav Krupp's wife, weighed 43 tons and could fire a 2,200 lb. shell over 9 miles. Bombing Raids on Britain http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWairwar.htm German air force used Zeppelins and long-range bombers in 103 aerial bombing raids over Great Britain. Targets were industrial cities, army camps and munitions factories. Against these attacks, British used searchlights, anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft, and balloon barrages. Boy Soldiers http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboy.htm Underage youth who answered the call at army recruitment centers. Many of those who had signed up were younger than the official minimum age of nineteen and lied about their age to enlist. Bristol F-2 Fighter http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbristol.htm Designed for the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company during the spring of 1916. Most successful fighter plane on the Western Front. Includes performance data table. British Tanks: 1914-18 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtankdevelop.htm Early model was developed by the Holt Company who built a tractor with caterpillar tracks that was used to move over difficult territory. At the beginning of the First World War Richard Hornsby and Sons produced the Killen-Strait Armored Tractor. The tracks consisted of a continuous series of steel links, joined together with steel pins, This machine successfully cut through barbed wire. British War Aces http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWaces.htm Features table listing pilots and number of victories.
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