Encyclopedias: Spartacus Educational: First World War: Page 2

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Browning Machine-Gun http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbrowning.htm Invented by John Moses Browning. Automatic, and used propelling gas as a motive force. Produced for soldiers fighting on the Western Front in 1917. Casualties: First World War http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWdeaths.htm Includes table listing Allied Powers and Central Powers, number of killed and died, wounded, prisoners and missing, total casualties, total mobilized and percentage of casualities. Casualty Clearing Station http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcasualties.htm Place where surgery, if needed, was carried out on wounded soldiers. Charlotte Despard http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wdespard.htm Active in the women's suffrage movement. Helped form the Women's Freedom League (WFL) and urged members not to pay taxes and to boycott the 1911 Census. Pacifist during the war. In the 1920s became involved in the Sinn Fein campaign for a united Ireland. Includes excerpts from her speeches. (1844-1939) Chlorine Gas http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWchlorine.htm First used in April 1915 by the German army against the French Army at Ypres. Destroyed the respiratory organs of its victims and led to a slow death by asphyxiation. Includes various articles about its effects. Clifford Allen http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUallen.htm Pacifist who helped form the No-Conscription Fellowship (NCF), an organization that encouraged men to refuse war service. Refusing to serve in the British Armed Forces, he spent 16 months in prison. (1889-1939) Commer Ambulance http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWambulance.htm Used to carry medical stores and stretchers to supply first aid posts. Cruisers http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcruisers.htm Basically large fast ocean-going warships. Two main types included the heavy armored and protected cruiser. Built in great numbers by both English and German fleets and played an important role in all the major North Sea battles during the First World War. David Lloyd George http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgeorge.htm Gained reputation as an orator, solicitor and preacher. Joined the Liberal Party and became an alderman. Advocated insurance reform and women's rights. Served as prime minister from 1916-22. Energetic war leader and received a lot of credit for Britain's eventual victory over the Triple Alliance. (1863-1945) Dennis Lorry http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWlorry.htm Motor transport used by the British army. Had a four-cylinder engine and could reach 55 mph. Even when loaded, it could climb gradients as steep as 1 in 6. Dog-fights http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWdogfights.htm Aerial battle between two or more aircraft. First dog-fight is believed to have taken place on August 28, 1914, when Lieutenant Norman Spratt, flying a Sopwith Tabloid, forced down a German two-seater. Dysentery http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWdystentry.htm Disease involving the inflammation of the lining of the large intestines. Includes symptoms and effects on the soldiers in the trenches during World War I. Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wpethick.htm Socialist member of the Women's Social and Political Union. Was a prominent member of the Women's International League for Peace, an organization committed to world peace. (1867-1954) Employment of Women in Britain http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWemploy.htm Features table showing percentage of women to men in employment between 1914-1920 in industry, commerce, transport and agriculture. Ethel Annakin Snowden http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wsnowden.htm Helped form a branch of the Nation Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in Leeds. Was a pacifist and refused to support Britain's involvement in the First World War. Active member of the Women's Peace Crusade. Falkland Islands http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfalklands.htm Includes two main islands and nearly 300 smaller ones in the South Atlantic. Occupied in 1882 by a British naval squadron and claimed as a crown colony. Five German cruisers tried to take Port Stanley naval base in 1914 but were unsuccessful. 2,200 German sailors were killed in the battle. Fenner Brockway http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbrockway.htm Editor of the Labour Elector and a pacifist who strongly opposed British involvement in the war. Wrote over twenty books on politics. Includes excerpts from writings. (1888-1988) Financial Cost of the First World War http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcosts.htm Features table listing Allied and Central Powers and cost for each country in dollars from 1914-1918. First Battle of the Marne http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmarne.htm Fought September 6 through September 10, 1914. The French army suffered about 250,000 casualties, with German losses estimated to be about the same. The British Expeditionary Force lost 12,733 men. Most important consequence was that the French and British forces were able to prevent the German plan for a swift and decisive victory. Includes map. Flying Aces http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWflyingaces.htm Term first appeared in 1915 when French newspapers described Adolphe Pegoud as a flying ace after he became the first pilot to shoot down five German aircraft. Includes photograph and excerpts from various writings. Ford Patrol Car http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWford.htm Model T was used by the British Army in France. Particularly effective in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Libya and used for raiding, reconnaissance and in supporting the cavalry. Fred Jowett http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUjowett.htm Socialist who founded a branch of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford. Opposed war involvement and supported those who resisted conscription and demanded heavy taxation on wartime profits. Includes excerpts from various writings. (1864-1944) Frederick Smith http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbirkenhead.htm Member of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons. Became Attorney General and Secretary of State for India. Was placed in charge of the government's Press Bureau where he was responsible for censoring newspaper reports on the fighting in World War I. After retiring from politics he was Rector of Aberdeen University. (1872-1930) French Air Aces http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfrenchaces.htm Features table with list of pilots and number of victories. French Property Losses http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWproperty.htm Features table of items and total number for each category.
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