Encyclopedias: Spartacus Educational: First World War: Page 4

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Mustard Gas http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmustard.htm First used by the German Army in September, 1917. The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war, it was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Includes table of British casualties. No Man's Land http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWnoman.htm Term used by soldiers to describe the ground between the two opposing trenches. Contained a considerable amount of barbed wire and after an attack would also contain a large number of bodies. Order of the White Feather http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfeather.htm Organization founded by Admiral Charles Fitzgerald in 1914 which encouraged women to give out white feathers to young men who had not joined the British Army. Pals Battalions http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpals.htm Recruitment campaigns based on the promise that the men could serve with friends, neighbors and workmates. These units were raised by local authorities, industrialists or committees of private citizens. Passchendaele http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpasschendaele.htm Another name for the Third major battle of Ypres, which took place between July and November, 1917. Taken by British and Canadian infantry. The offensive cost the British Expeditionary Force about 310,000 casualties. Includes map. Patrols http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpatrols.htm Night missions where soldiers were often sent into No Man's Land to try to get within earshot of the enemy trenches. Returning to their own trenches was considered the most dangerous part of the operation. Nervous sentries often fired at any movement in front of them and caused many casualties. Philip Snowden http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsnowden.htm Christian Socialist who was opposed to Britain's involvement in the First World War and provided help to conscientious objectors. (1864-1937) Pistols http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpistols.htm First automatic pistol was developed by the Austrian inventor Joseph Laumann in 1892. Was the standard weapon for officers in all combatant armies in World War I. Also used by members of the military police, air crew and the personnel of tanks, armored cars and other military vehicles. Rationing http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWrationing.htm Imposed by the Ministry of Food in Britain in 1917 to reduce food shortages caused by panic buying. The idea of rationing food was to guarantee supplies, not to reduce consumption. Robert Whitehead http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwhitehead.htm Produced a self-propelling torpedo propelled by a compressed-air engine and carried 18 lbs. of dynamite. Its most important feature was a self-regulating device which kept the torpedo at a constant preset depth. (1823-1905) Royal Flying Corps http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWRFC.htm Founded in May, 1912 with one squadron of airships and three of aircraft. In 1916 increased total strength to twenty-seven squadrons (421 aircraft), with four kite-balloon squadrons and fourteen balloons. By the end of the war the RAF operated 4,000 combat aircraft and employed 114,000 people. Selina Cooper http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wcooper.htm Supporter of women's suffrage and developed a national reputation for her passionate speeches in favor of women's rights. Pacifist totally opposed to military conscription and became involved in helping those men who were sent to prison for refusing to fight. Includes excerpts from various writings. (1864-1946) Shellshock http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWshellshock.htm Nervous or mental disorder formerly believed to have been brought on by exploding shells in battle, but now explained as the cumulative, emotional and psychological strain of warfare. Includes excerpts from various writings. Sir Hiram Maxim http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmaxim.htm Inventor of machine-gun that could fire 500 rounds per minute and therefore had the firepower of about 100 rifles. He also a pneumatic gun, the gun silencer (subsequently adapted for car exhausts), a smokeless gunpowder, a mouse trap, carbon filaments for light bulbs and a flying machine. (1840-1916) Smokeless Gunpowder http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsmoke.htm Invented by Paul Vieille in 1886. Revolutionized the effectiveness of small guns and rifles. More powerful than gun powder, giving an accurate rifle range of up to 1000 yards. Soldier's Letters http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWletters.htm Twelve and a half million letters were sent to the Western Front weekly. Soldiers were encouraged to write letters to friends and family, but most decided to conceal the horrors of trench warfare. Includes excerpts of family letters. Somme http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsomme.htm Battle was planned as a joint French and British operation in 1916. British troops suffered 420,000 casualties. The French lost nearly 200,000, and German casualties were estimated about 500,000. Includes map and numerous excerpts from writings. Sopwith Camel http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcamel.htm Aircraft produced by the Sopwith Aviation Company in 1916. Used on the Western Front in 1917, it quickly achieved a reputation as a deadly trench-strafer. Includes performance data table. Sopwith Snipe http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsnipe.htm Aircraft which was improved version of the Sopwith Camel. Considered to be the best Allied fighter plane on the Western Front. Strategic Bombing http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbombing.htm Attempt to launch a long-range bombing attack deep inside enemy territory. Policy carried out by Hugh Trenchard, chief of staff to the RAF, after the end of World War I. Stretcher-Bearers http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWstretcher.htm Four men assigned to each company whose job was to remove the wounded from battlefields. Includes photo and excerpts from writings. Sylvia Pankhurst http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WpankhurstS.htm Wrote The History of the Women's Suffrage Movement. A pacifist, she joined with Charlotte Despard to form the Women's Peace Army. Supporter of the Russian Revolution in 1917. In the 1930s supported the Republicans in Spain, helped Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany and led the campaign against the Italian occupation of Ethiopia. (1882-1960) Synchronizing Gear http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsynchronizing.htm System needed where the pilot could fire a machine-gun while flying the plane. Fokker and his designers developed an interrupter mechanism device. Synchronized machine-guns gave the Germans a considerable advantage over Allied pilots. The Trench System http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.htm Built first by Germans to provide them with protection from the advancing French and British and later used by Allies. Includes details of construction, an illustration and excerpts from various writings. The Western Front http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwestern.htm Refers to a narrow border of land between Belgium and France where Allies dug trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss Frontier.
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