- Linley Sambourne
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsambourne.htm
Abstract: Born in London in 1844. Apprenticed as a draughtsman in marine engineering. In 1867 the editor of Punch offered him a job on the magazine where he worked for 40 years until his death in 1910. He also worked as a book illustrator and is best known for his illustrations in Charles Kingsley's Water Babies and Hans Christian Andersen's Fairly Tales.
- Liverpool Mercury
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRliverpool.mercury.htm
Abstract: This was one of the newspapers to have representatives on hand during the suppresion of a public meeting at St. Peter's Field in manchester, England on 16th August, 1819. John Smith, its editor escaped before the Manchester & Salford Yeomanry made their arrests. Writing a critical report on the behaviour of the soldiers at the Peterloo Massacre, Smith also published a pamphlet on the subject.
- Luke Fildes
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jfildes.htm
Abstract: Born in Liverpool in 1843, his grandmother was a political activist and one of the speakers at the Peterloo Massacre. In 1869 he joined Graphic magazine and was asked to provide an illustration to accompany an article on the Houseless Poor Act. He soon became a popular artist and by 1870 he had turned his full attention to oil painting. His belief in realism sometimes caused him problems with his portrait subjects. He painted several members of the royal family. He was knighted in 1906 and died in 1918.
- Manchester Chronicle
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchronicle.htm
Abstract: One of four Tory newspapers in Manchester during the early part of the 19th Century and the most popular Tory paper in the city, selling over 3,000 copies a week. Over half of the paper was taken up with advertisement. Although it was considered a dull newspaper, the Manchester Chronicle had a loyal following with those who opposed social reform. The Manchester Chronicle ceased publication in 1842.
- Manchester Gazette
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgazette.htm
Abstract: Founded 1795. William Cowdry and his four sons were responsible for writing and printing the newspaper. Although it was considered to be of poor quality, it was purchased because it was the only non-Tory paper in Manchester.In 1814, with sales of only 250, the editor decided to improve the quality of the newspaper by encouraging members of a political reform group to contribute articles. By 1819 the Manchester Gazette was selling over 1,000 copies a week. The arrival of the Manchester Guardian in 1821 meant that Cowdroy lost all his best writers. The Manchester Gazette found it difficult to compete with the fast-growing Manchester Guardian. In 1828 due to bankruptcy the Manchester Gazette was forced to close.
- Manchester Guardian
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRguardian.htm
Abstract: The first edition appeared on Saturday 5th May, 1821 and cost 7d. The Manchester Guardian, like all newspapers based outside of London, could only afford to publish once a week. When the Manchester Guardian was first published in 1821, Manchester had six other weekly newspapers. With the arrival of the Manchester Guardian, the Manchester Observer decided to cease publication. A prospectus for the Guardian explained the aims and objectives of the proposed newspaper including the passage: "It will zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty, it will warmly advocate the cause of Reform; it will endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy."
- Manchester Herald
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRherald.htm
Abstract: By the summer of 1791, the editors of the Manchester Mercury and the Manchester Chronicle became reluctant to give the reformers Thomas Walker and Thomas Cooper publicity. They decided to edit their own newspaper, the Manchester Herald. A local firm, Faulkner & Birch, agreed to print it and the first edition was published on 31st March 1792. By 1794 the authorities decided to prosecute the Manchester Herald out of existence. Within a short space of time the publishers of the newspaper were charged with five separate offences and after a year accepted defeat and ceased publication.
- Manchester Observer
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRobserver.htm
Abstract: Formed in January 1818 by a group of radicals, within twelve months the newspaper was selling 4,000 copies a week. It has been argued that the newspaper pioneered popular journalism with its racy style aimed at an literate working-class. Although it started as a local paper, by 1819 it was sold in most of the large towns and cities in Britain. James Wroe, the editor of the Manchester Observer, was at the St. Peter's Field meeting in 1819 and described the attack on the crowd in the next edition of the newspaper and is believed to be the first person to describe the incident as the Peterloo Massacre. With the arrival of the Manchester Guardian in 1821 the Manchester Observer decided to cease publication.
- Maude Pember Reeves
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHpember.htm
Abstract: The daughter of a bank manager, she was born in Australia in 1865. In her youth she had been involved in the successful campaign to obtain women the vote in New Zealand. Soon after arriving in England with her husband, she became active in a variety of women's organisations including the Women's Trade Union League, the NUWSSand the National Anti-Sweating League. She was a socialist and was active in the Fabian Society and in 1907 founded the Fabian Women's Group which campaigned for equal rights for women and state support for motherhood. After the outbreak of the First World War, she worked as Director of the Education and Propaganda Department of the Ministry of Food. She died in 1953.
- Pall Mall Gazette
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpall.htm
Abstract: Founded in February, 1865 as an evening newspaper, the original idea was to digest the news from the morning papers and to publish substantial articles on political and social questions. In 1883 the Pall Mall Gazette carried a series of articles on the subject of child prostitution. Sales of the newspaper increased from 8,000 to 12,000. In 1885 it exposed what had become known as the white slave traffic. As a result of the publicity that coverage of the Armstrong case generated, Parliament in 1885 passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, a measure that raised the age of consent from thirteen to sixteen. Contributors over the years have included Oscar Wilde, H. G. Wells, and Rudyard Kipling. The Pall Mall Gazette was incorporated into the Evening Standard in 1923.
- Phil May
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmay.htm
Abstract: Born near Leeds in 1864 and orphaned at the age of nine, he endured several years of poverty. He moved from one job to another and ended up begging on the streets. He was a talented artist and discovered he could make a living by drawing stage celebrities and selling the pictures to theatre fans, which earned him employment as a cartoonist. Between 1885 and 1903 he worked for the Sydney Bulletin, did some book illustrating, was employed by the Graphic, and began contributing cartoons to Punch. A heavy drinker, coupled with his early poverty caused him serious health problems. He died in 1903 from a wasting disease at age thirty-nine.
- Political Register
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRregister.htm
Abstract: Started in 1802, The Political Register supported the Tories but he gradually became more radical. By 1815 the tax on newspapers had reached 4d. a copy and as few people could afford to pay 6d. or 7d., the tax restricted the circulation to people with fairly high incomes. Circulation was just over a thousand copies a week. The following year the Political Register was published as a pamphlet selling for only 2d. and it soon had a circulation of 40,000 as the main newspaper read by the working class.
- Punch Magazine
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpunch.htm
Abstract: One evening in June, 1841, reforming liberals met to discuss the possibility of starting a new journal. The plan was to combine humour and political comment. the meeting someone remarked that a humourous magazine, like good punch, needed lemon ans so the name of the paper was born. Douglas Jerrold was probably the most important journalist on the magazine, but other writers contributed widely.
- Richard Carlile
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcarlile.htm
Abstract: The son of a shoemaker from Ashburton in Devon, was born on 9th December, 1790. Richard's father abandoned the family in 1794 and it was a struggle for his mother to look after her three children from the profits of the small shop that she ran in Ashburton. Richard received six years free education from the local Church of England school and learnt to read and write. At the age of twelve Richard left school and was apprenticed as a tinplateman in Plymouth. He would go on to become one of the many who led the fight for a free press.
- Richard Doyle
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JdoyleR.htm
Abstract: Born in London in in 1824 and educated at home by his father he began having art work published at the age of fifteen. The book, The Eglinton Tournament, was a great success. In 1840 Richard produced an illustrated journal of the events that took place that year. The journal includes outings to the opera, concerts, Regent's Park Zoo, the Royal Academy, the National Gallery and the Tower of London. He illustrated books including works by Charles Dickens (Battle of Life), John Ruskin (King of the Golden River) William Makepeace Thackeray (Rebecca and Rowena, Newcomes) and Leigh Hunt. Richard Doyle died in 1883.
- Robert Blatchford
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jblatchford.htm
Abstract: Born in Maidstone in 1851, the son of an actor, his father died when he was two and at the age of fourteen he was apprenticed as a brushmaker. He disliked the work and ran away to join the army where he reached the rank of sergeant major before leaving the service in 1878. After trying a variety of different jobs he became a freelance journalist. After working for several newspapers he became leader writer for the Sunday Chronicle in Manchester. While he became a socialist and lobbied for their cause, after the First World War he moved to the right and became a passionate advocate of the British Empire. Robert Blatchford died on 17th December 1943.
- Robert Sherard
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHsherard.htm
Abstract: Born in Melton Mowbray in 1861, the was the son of Rev. Bennet Sherard Kennedy and a great grandson of William Wordsworth. After being educated at Oxford University, he became a professional journalist working for a wide variety of different newspapers and magazines, particularly interested in writing about working conditions and urban poverty. He was commissioned by the editor of The London Magazine to write several articles on child labour. These collected articles were published as The Child Slaves of Britain in 1905. He died in 1943.
- Robert Southey
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsouthey.htm
Abstract: Born in Bristol in 1774. After his father's death an uncle sent him to Westminster School but he was expelled in 1792 after denouncing flogging in the school magazine. In 1795 Southey married Edith Fricker, whose elder sister, Sara Fricker, married Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In 1813 Robert Southey was appointed poet laureate. Southey was criticised by Lord Byron and William Hazlitt who accused him of betraying his political principles for money. Southey wrote several books between 1824 and 1835. He died in 1843.
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