- Moral Force
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHmoral.htm
Advocated by Chartists who believed that peaceful methods of persuasion such as the holding of public meetings, the publication of newspapers and pamphlets and the presentation of petitions to the House of Commons would finally convince those in power to change the parliamentary system.
- Richard Birnie
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbirnie.htm
Abstract: Born in Scotland in 1760. Apprenticed as a saddler he moved to London, became partner in a tack company and married the daughter of a wealthy London merchant. He later became a magistrate at Bow Street where he developed a reputation for being autocratic and vindictive. He became Chief Magistrate in 1821 and died in 1832 as Sir Richard Birnie.
- Richard Carlile
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcarlile.htm
Abstract: Born in 1790, the son of a shoemaker from Ashburton, Devon. He received six years education from the local Church of England school, learnt to read and write and at age of twelve left school and was apprenticed as a tinplateman in Plymouth. In 1813 he married a local woman and moved to London where he tried to earn a living by selling the writings of reformers such as Tom Paine. He also began publishing a radical newspaper called The Republican and became involved in the campaign against child labour. Ultimately, he ended up living in poverty but when he died in 1843, a large number of people attended his funeral in recognition of his important role in achieving a free press.
- Richard Cobden
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcobden.htm
Abstract: Born in 1804, in Heyshott, Sussex one of eleven children. He received very little formal schooling and at the age of fourteen became a clerk in the textile industry. In 1841 General Election Cobden became the MP for Stockport. Cobden believed that international trade was essential if war between major powers was to be avoided. William Gladstone, the Chancellor of the Exchequer agreed and recruited Cobden to negotiate a new trade agreement with France. On 2nd April, 1865, Richard Cobden died of an acute attack of bronchitis.
- Richard Oastler
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRoastler.htm
Absrtact: Born in Leeds in 1789, the son of a clothing merchant. He attended a Moravian boarding school from 1798 to 1810 and became a commission agent. He strongly opposed universal suffrage, trade unions and supported the class structure of the early 19th century. However, he believed it was the responsibility of the ruling class to protect the weak and vulnerable and in 1836 Oastler began advocating workers to use strikes and sabotage in their campaign for factory legislation and changes in the poor law. He died in 1861.
- Richard Price
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRprice.htm
Abstract: Born in Tynton, Glamorgan in 1723, the son of a Congregational minister, rejected his father's religious opinions and instead was attracted to the views of more liberal theologians. After attending a Dissenting Academy in London and he became a chaplain in Stoke Newington. In 1758 he wrote the influential Review of the Principal Questions of Morals and several other books followed. He was attracted to the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and accepted many aspects unitarianism, but was unwilling to question the divinity of Christ. He died in 1791 and his funeral sermon was preached by Joseph Priestly.
- Richard Sheridan
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsheridan.htm
Abstract: Born in Dublin in 1751, his parents moved to London and in 1762 he was sent to Harrow School. After six years at Harrow he went to live with his father in Bath. He began writing plays and on in 1775, the Covent Garden Theatre produced his comedy, The Rivals. After a poor reception it was withdrawn though a revised version appeared soon after and it eventually become one of Britain's most popular comedies. In 1780, he became MP for Stafford and in 1782 the Marquis of Rockingham appointed him under secretary for Foreign Affairs. Sheridan opposed the Act of Union with Ireland and lost office when Henry Addington replaced William Pitt as Prime Minister. After several years in debtor's prison he died in poverty in 1816.
- Richard Tidd
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtidd.htm
Abstract: Born in Lincolnshire in 1775, he moved to London in his youth and became a shoemaker. Over the years his political ideas had become more revolutionary and he was now a follower of Thomas Spence. He was particularly incensed by the Peterloo Massacre and afterwards talked about the possibility of killing Lord Castlereagh and Lord Sidmouth for their role in this event. On 28th April 1820, he, with others, was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. He was executed at Newgate Prison on the 1st May, 1820.
- Robert Owen
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRowen.htm
Abstract: Born in 1771 in Newtown, Wales, at age ten, he went to work in drapers in Lincolnshire. He eventually purchased four textile factories in New Lanark and under his control, the Chorton Twist Company expanded rapidly. He stopped employing children under ten and reduced their labour to ten hours a day. The young children went to the nursery and infant schools that he had built. Older children worked in the factory but also had to attend his secondary school for part of the day. He hoped that the way he treated children at his factories would encourage others to follow his example. By 1827 he had lost interest in his textile mills and sold the business. He continued to work for his "new moral order" until his death in 1858.
- Rotten Boroughs
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrotten.htm
Abstract: A rotten borough was a parliamentary constituency that had declined in size but still had the right to elect members of the House of Commons. Rotten boroughs had very few voters and were under the control of one man, the patron. With just a few individuals with the vote and no secret ballot, it was easy for candidates to buy their way to victory.
- Samuel Smiles
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsmiles.htm
Abstract: Born in 1812, the eldest of eleven children, after attending the local school he left at fourteen and joined Dr. Robert Lewins as an apprentice and then went to Edinburgh University in 1829 to study medicine and graduated in 1832. While in Edinburgh, Smiles became involved in the campaign for parliamentary reform. In 1837 he began contributing articles on parliamentary reform for theLeeds Times and decided to abandon his career as a doctor and to become a full-time worker for the cause of political change. In the 1850s Samuel Smiles completely abandoned his interest in parliamentary reform and now argued that self-help provided the best route to success. He died in 1904.
- Sir Francis Burdett
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRburdett.htm
Abstract: Born in 1770, the son of the Baronet of Foremark. After being educated at Westminster School and Oxford University, he went on a long tour of Europe. In 1797 he became a member of the House of Commons. He opposed the suspension of Habeas Corpus in 1796 and criticised all attempts by the government to suppress individual freedom. He was seen as the leader of the Radicals in the House of Commons. He died in 1884, while sitting as the Tory M.P. for North Wiltshire.
- Sir Robert Peel
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpeel.htm
Anstract: Born in Bury, Lancashire, on 5th February, 1788. Educated at Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford, he won a double first in classics and mathematics. Robert Peel entered the House of Commons in April 1809, at the age of twenty-one. In 1822, after a brief interlude, rejoined Lord Liverpool's government when he accepted the post of Home Secretary. Over the next five years Peel was responsible for large-scale reform in the legal system including the repeal of over 250 old statutes. For a long time politicians had been concerned about the problems of law and order in London. In 1829 Peel decided to reorganize the way London was policed. As a result of this reform, the new metropolitan police force became known as "Peelers" or "Bobbies". He was badly hurt in a riding accident and on 2nd July, 1850, he died from his injuries.
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