- Spencean Philanthropist Society
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRspencean.htm
Abstract: Thomas Spence a schoolteacher from Newcastle-upon-Tyne arrived in London in December 1792. Soon after arriving he was arrested for selling Rights of Man by Tom Paine. For the next twenty years of his life Spence spent long periods in prison for selling Radical books, pamphlets, newspapers and broadsheets. He died in September 1814. He was buried by "forty disciples" who pledged that they would keep his ideas alive. They did this by forming the Society of Spencean Philanthropists.
- Taxes on Knowledge
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRknowledge.htm
Abstract: A tax was first imposed on British newspapers in 1712. The tax was gradually increased until in 1815 it had reached 4d. a copy. As few people could afford to pay 6d. or 7d. for a newspaper, the tax restricted the circulation of most of these journals to people with fairly high incomes. The stamp duty was also applied on journals that contained any "public news, intelligence or occurrences, or any remarks or observations thereon, or upon any matter in Church or State." The government announced that it hoped that this stamp duty would stop the publication of newspapers and pamphlets that tended to "excite hatred and contempt of the Government and holy religion."
- The Luddites: 1811-1812
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm
Workers, upset by wage reductions and the use of unapprenticed workmen, who broke into factories at night to destroy new machines. Their activities became a capital offense. As a result, Parliament passed the Frame Breaking Act in which people convicted of machine-breaking were sentenced to death.
- The Sheffield Register
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsheffield.htm
Abstract: The first edition published on 9th June 1787. A pioneer of a newspaper which gave extensive coverage to local issues while reporting on major national stories. Unlike most provincial newspapers, the Sheffield Register did not rely on copying articles that had first appeared in London journals. The newspaper both educated and reflected the views of the artisans and small manufacturers in the area.
- The Six Acts
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsix.htm
Abstract: The Six Acts were a response by Lord Liverpool and his Tory government to the Peterloo Massace of 1819. When Parliament reassembled on 23rd November, 1819, the government's Home Secretary, announced their details. By the 30th December, 1819, Parliament had debated and passed six measures that it hoped would suppress radical newspapers and meetings as well as reducing the possibility of an armed uprising. These measures were opposed by the Whigs as being a suppression of popular rights and liberties and warned that it was unreasonable to pass national laws to deal with problems that only existed in certain areas, especially when those measures would encourage even more rebellion.
- The Times
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtimes.htm
Founded by John Walter in 1785 as neutral in politics, the Daily Universal Register included parliamentary reports. Needing funds, a secret deal was made to publish stories favourable to the government. In 1788 it began focusing on scandals and gossip and was renamed The Times. With a new owner in 1803 the newspaper advocated independent reporting and began to argue for parliamentary reform. In a debate in the House of Commons in 1832, Sir Robert Peel argued that The Times was the "principal and most powerful advocate of Reform" in Britain.
- Thomas Attwood
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHattwood.htm
Abstract: Born at Hawne House, Halesowen on 6th October, 1783. After being educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, he began work at his father's bank. Attwood first became involved in politics when he joined the campaign against the East India Company. In 1812 the government appointed a Select Committee to of the House of Commons to investigate the activities of the East India Company. Attwood led the Birmingham delegation which gave evidence to the Committee. In June 1839, he presented the first National Petition to the House of Commons. Although it had been signed by over 1,280,000 people, the Commons rejected the petition by 235 votes to 46. Frustrated by the unwillingness of Parliament to respond to public pressure, he decided to resign from Parliament and died in Malvern on 9th March 1859.
- Thomas Cochrane
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcochrane.htm
Abstract: The son of the ninth Earl of Dundonald, was born in Annsfield, Lanarkshire in 1775. He was educated at home and after a brief spell at the Chauvet Military Academy in London, he joined the Royal Navy. Cochrane became captain of H.M.S. Speedy in 1800 and he soon established a reputation for his daring and brilliant seamanship against the French Navy. Cochrane came into conflict with the authorities when they refused to support his campaign against corruption in the navy. The naval authorities were furious with Cochrane and he was demoted. Aware that he had lost the opportunity of advancing his naval career, Cochrane concentrated his efforts on campaigning for parliamentary reform. In 1831 he became the tenth Earl of Dundonald and was also reinstated as a Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy. Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, died on 31st October 1860.
- Thomas Cooper
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHcooper.htm
Abstract: Born in Leicester in 1805, he educated himself at home and in 1828 opened his own school in Gainsborough. At one time he had over a hundred pupils but his decision to provide lessons in Latin and Greek rather than concentrating on the basic subjects was upopular with the parents and the school was eventually forced to close. In November 1840 he became a member of the Chartists and later was found guilty of organising the Plug Plot Riots and spent the next two years in Stafford Gaol. By the time he was released from prison he had changed his mind about the morality of using physical force to obtain the vote. He continued to write for newspapers but after joining the Baptist sect in 1856 he spent most of his time as a travelling preacher. He died in 1892.
- Thomas Creevey
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcreevey.htm
Abstract: Born in Liverpool on 5th March, 1768 and educated at a boarding school in London, he was a good student and at seventeen went to Queens' College, Cambridge. In 1802, now a lawyer, he was asked to become a candidate at Thetford and at the age of thirty-four entered the House of Commons. In 1806 the prime minister, Lord Grenville, gave Creevey the position of Secretary to the Board of Control in his government. He lost the job when Grenville resigned in 1807. He also lost his seat at Thetford but in 1820 he became the MP for Appleby. Thomas Creevey died in Greenwich on 2nd February, 1838.
- Thomas Duncombe
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHduncombe.htm
Abstract: Born in Yorkshire in 1796. After his education at Harrow School Duncombe joined the Coldstream Guards. While in the army he met General Ronald Ferguson, and was influenced by his ideas and when he retired from the army in 1819 began to look for a seat in the House of Commons, and was eventually elected to represent Hertford in June 1826. He became a strong supporter of parliamentary reform amd was one of the few members who was willing to argue the case for universal suffrage. He made it clear that he considered it is responsibility to represent the views of the working people as well as those who had actually voted for him. His political life was hampered by ill-health and he was forced to spend long periods away from the House of Commons. He died on 13th November, 1861.
- Thomas Fyshe Palmer
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpalmer.htm
Abstract: Born in August 1747. After being educated at Eton and Queen's College, Cambridge, he became a curate at Leatherhead in Surrey where he came under the influence of the radical preacher, Joseph Priestley. Palmer became dissatisfied with the doctrines of the Church of England and moved to Montrose in Scotland where he joined a group of Unitarians who had opened a chapel in the town. In 1793, he and three other men found guilty of writing and publishing pamphlets on parliamentary reform, were sentenced to prison in Australia. Unlike some of the Scottish Martyrs, Palmer appeared to get on well with the military in New South Wales. He died on 2nd January 1802.
- Thomas Hardy
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhardy.htm
Abstract: Born in Larbert, Scotland in 1752. After a brief education at the local school, he went to work for his grandfather who taught him the trade of shoemaking. Trade was difficult and Hardy gradually came to the conclusion that his economic problems were being caused by a corrupt Parliament. After a period of radicalism and protest activities he was arrested, and during a riotous assault on his house his wife died in childbirth, and his sixth child was sitllborn. After his trial Hardy ceased to be active in politics. He ran a small shoeshop in Covent Garden until his retirement in 1815. Thomas Hardy died in Pimlico on 11th October 1832.
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