- Thomas Hughes
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REhughes.htm
Abstract: Vorn in 1822 and educated at Oriel College, Oxford, he trained as a lawyer. While a student he read The Kingdom of Christ (1838) by Frederick Denison Maurice. In the book Maurice argued that politics and religion are inseparable and that the church should be involved in addressing social questions. Hughes became a supporter of Chartism in 1848, he helped form the Christian Socialist movement. The men discussed how the Church could help to prevent revolution by tackling what they considered were the reasonable grievances of the working class. In 1856 he wrote Tom Brown's Schooldays (1856) based on his school experiences at Rugby School. His follow-up novel, Tom Brown at Oxford was less successful. Hughes became a Liberal MP between 1865 and 1874 and principal of the Working Men's College from 1872 to 1883. Thomas Hughes died in 1896.
- Thomas Macaulay
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmacaulay.htm
Abstract: Born in Leicestershire in 1800. He became editor of the Christian Observer and in 1823 joined with others to form the Anti-Slavery Society. Macaulay became very interested in utilitarianism and was influenced by the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and Joseph Priestley. As well as producing articles for the Edinburgh Review, Macaulay began work on his History of England. The first two volumes were published to great acclaim in 1848, the third and four volumes were published in December 1855. Although criticised for its pro-Whig sympathies, the History of England sold over 26,000 copies in ten weeks and was translated into many languages. In August 1857 he was granted the title Baron Macaulay of Rothley. He attended the House of Lords for debates but refused the offer of a post in the government. Thomas Macaulay died on 28th December 1859.
- Thomas Muir
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmuir.htm
Abstract: Born in Glasgow in 1765. He began attending Glasgow Grammar School in 1770 and at the age of ten was admitted to Glasgow University. He embarked upon the study of divinity, however, in 1782 he abandoned his studies for the Church and began attending the classes of John Millar, one of Britain's first sociologists. He finished his studies at Edinburgh University and entered the Faculty of Advocates in 1787. Muir soon developed a reputation as a lawyer who was willing to appear in court on behalf of poor clients who could not afford to pay a fee. He also became a fierce critic of a legal system that he believed was biased in favour of the rich. He died on 26th January, 1799.
- Thomas Rowlandson
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrowlandson.htm
Abstract: Born in London in 1756 he learnt to draw before he could write and by the time he was ten he was spending all his free time drawing. After attending Eton he became a student at the Royal Academy. At sixteen he left for France where he spent two years at a drawing school in Paris. In 1777 he opened a studio in Wardour Street where he established himself as a portrait painter. Rowlandson also travelled a great deal in Europe where he drew pictures of his experiences. Like many people in England, he was horrified by the way the authorities treated the people who attended the meeting at St. Peter's Field, to hear Henry 'Orator' Hunt speak on parliamentary reform. As a result of the Peterloo Massacre, he drew one of his most overtly political drawings. Thomas Rowlandson died on 22nd April 1827.
- Thomas Wakley
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwakely.htm
Spent seventeen years in the House of Commons, remained a strong supporter of parliamentary reform and was one of the few members of the House who defended the activities of the Chartists. As one of the main opponents of the stamp duty on newspapers, in 1836 he published six issues of an unstamped paper called A Voice from the Commons. (1796-1862)
- Titus Salt
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsalt.htm
Industrialist owner of an important textile company in Bradford, then built an industrial community called Saltaire with improved working conditions. Active in politics he did not believe that the 1832 Reform Act went far enough. In 1835 he founded the Bradford Reform Association and publicly supported the Chartists. Disturbed by the growth of the Physical Force Chartists, he helped establish the United Reform Society, an attempt to unite middle and working class reformers. (1803-1876)
- Tom Paine
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpaine.htm
Journalist, author, and one of the radical reformers advocating the superiority of republican democracy over monarchical government. Published "The Rights of Man" in which he argued for the vote and equal political rights for all adult males, which would result in a House of Commons. (1737-1809)
- Vincent Dowling
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdowling.htm
Appointed first reporter for the Observer Newspaper in 1791. Recruited as a Home Office Spy with a government subsidy to the paper. Was paid to record what was said at an 1816 meeting of the Society of Spencean Philanthropists, a group advocating revolution, after which he reported the Spenceans were planning to overthrow the British government.
- William Cobbett
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcobbett.htm
Radical journalist and publisher of the Political Register, the main newspaper read by the working class. After the passing of the 1832 Reform Act he was able to win the parliamentary seat of Oldham in the House of Commons where he concentrated his energies on attacking corruption in government. (1763-1835)
- William Cuffay
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHcuffay.htm
Chosen to become president of the London Chartists in 1842. As a militant leader in London, was described by The Times as "the black man and his party". In 1848 a government spy provided information on the group. Based on that evidence he was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to be transported to Tasmania for 21 years. (1788-1870)
- William Davidson
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdavidson.htm
A revolutionary, he became involved in radical politics after the Peterloo Massacre and became a member of the Spencean Philanthropists. He was involved in an unsuccessful plot to assassinate several members of the British government and was caught, found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. (1781-1820)
- William Godwin
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgodwin.htm
An author with radical political views, Godwin published "Enquiry into Political Justice" in 1793, in which he argued that as long as people acted rationally, they could live without laws or institutions. He had great influence on writers such as Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. (1756-1836)
- William Hazlitt
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhazlitt.htm
Essayist and critic. Wrote articles and pamphlets on political corruption and the need to reform the voting system. Employed as the parliamentary reporter for the Morning Chronicle, he criticized all political parties, Later he contributed to The Examiner, a radical journal. Includes photo and excerpts of political writing. (1778-1830)
- William Hulton
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhulton.htm
As High Sheriff of Lancashire, he was kept busy with local attempts to form trade unions and rebellions against the building of textile factories. Appointed chairman of the Lancashire and Cheshire Magistrates in July 1819, he was relied upon to deal severely with working class people arguing for political reform. (1787-1864)
- William Lovett
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRlovett.htm
Established the Anti-Militia Association which successfully campaigned for the end of militia drawings, then joined the National Union of the Working Classes and Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. In 1836 formed the London Working Men's Association (LMWA) which became the Chartists and was the first leader. (1800-1877)
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